1. Ka'idar samar da laser
Tsarin atomic ɗin yana kama da ƙaramin tsarin hasken rana, tare da kwayar halittar atomic a tsakiya. Elektrons suna juyawa koyaushe a kusa da kwayar halittar atomic, kuma kwayar halittar atomic ɗin tana juyawa koyaushe.
Nucleus ɗin ya ƙunshi protons da neutrons. Protons suna da caji mai kyau kuma neutrons ba sa caji. Adadin caji mai kyau da dukkan nucleus ɗin ke ɗauke da shi daidai yake da adadin cajin mara kyau da dukkan electrons ke ɗauke da shi, don haka gabaɗaya atoms ba sa rabuwa da duniyar waje.
Dangane da nauyin atom, nucleus ɗin yana tattara mafi yawan nauyin atom ɗin, kuma nauyin da dukkan electrons ke ɗauke da shi ƙanƙanta ne. A cikin tsarin atomic ɗin, nucleus ɗin yana ɗaukar ƙaramin sarari ne kawai. Elektrons suna juyawa a kusa da nucleus ɗin, kuma electrons suna da sarari mafi girma don aiki.
Atoms suna da "makamashi na ciki", wanda ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: ɗaya shine electrons suna da saurin kewayawa da kuma wani makamashin motsi; ɗayan kuma shine akwai tazara tsakanin electrons masu caji mara kyau da kuma nucleus mai caji mai kyau, kuma akwai wani adadin kuzari mai yuwuwa. Jimlar kuzarin motsi da makamashi mai yuwuwa na dukkan electrons shine makamashin dukkan atom, wanda ake kira makamashin ciki na atom.
Duk electrons suna juyawa a kusa da tsakiya; wani lokacin kusa da tsakiya, makamashin waɗannan electrons ya fi ƙanƙanta; wani lokacin nesa da tsakiya, makamashin waɗannan electrons ya fi girma; bisa ga yuwuwar faruwa, mutane suna raba layin electron zuwa "Matsayin Makamashi" daban-daban; A wani takamaiman "Matsayin Makamashi", akwai yiwuwar samun electrons da yawa suna zagaye akai-akai, kuma kowane electron ba shi da madaidaicin zagaye, amma waɗannan electrons duk suna da matakin makamashi iri ɗaya; "Matsayin Makamashi" an ware su daga juna. Haka ne, an ware su bisa ga matakan makamashi. Manufar "matakin makamashi" ba wai kawai tana raba electrons zuwa matakai bisa ga makamashi ba, har ma tana raba sararin kewayar electrons zuwa matakai da yawa. A takaice, atom na iya samun matakan makamashi da yawa, kuma matakan makamashi daban-daban sun dace da kuzari daban-daban; wasu electrons suna zagaye a "ƙananan matakin makamashi" kuma wasu electrons suna zagaye a "matakin makamashi mai girma".
A zamanin yau, littattafan kimiyyar lissafi na makarantar sakandare sun nuna a sarari halayen tsarin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙa'idodin rarrabawar lantarki a cikin kowane layin lantarki, da kuma adadin ƙwayoyin lantarki a matakan makamashi daban-daban.
A cikin tsarin atomic, electrons suna motsawa a cikin yadudduka, tare da wasu atoms a matakan makamashi mai yawa wasu kuma a ƙananan matakan makamashi; saboda atoms koyaushe suna shafar yanayin waje (zafin jiki, wutar lantarki, maganadisu), electrons masu matakin makamashi mai yawa ba su da tabbas kuma za su canza kwatsam zuwa matakin makamashi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, tasirinsa na iya sha, ko kuma yana iya haifar da tasirin motsa jiki na musamman da haifar da "fitar da kwatsam". Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin atomic, lokacin da electrons masu matakin makamashi mai yawa suka canza zuwa matakan makamashi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, za a sami alamu guda biyu: "fitar da kwatsam" da "fitar da aka ƙarfafa".
Radiation na kwatsam, electrons a cikin yanayin kuzari mai yawa ba su da tabbas kuma, wanda yanayin waje ke shafar su (zafin jiki, wutar lantarki, maganadisu), suna ƙaura zuwa yanayin ƙarancin kuzari, kuma makamashin da ya wuce kima yana haskakawa ta hanyar photons. Halayyar wannan nau'in radiation shine cewa sauyawar kowane electron ana gudanar da shi daban-daban kuma bazuwar ne. Yanayin photon na fitar da electrons daban-daban ya bambanta. Fitar da haske bazuwar yana cikin yanayi "mara daidaituwa" kuma yana da alkibla mai warwatse. Duk da haka, hasken bazuwar yana da halayen atoms ɗin kansu, kuma yanayin radiation na atoms daban-daban ya bambanta. Da yake magana game da wannan, yana tunatar da mutane ilimin asali a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, "Kowane abu yana da ikon watsa zafi, kuma abu yana da ikon sha da fitar da raƙuman lantarki akai-akai. Radiation na electromagnetic da zafi ke haskakawa suna da wani rarrabawar bazuwar. Wannan bazuwar Rarrabawa yana da alaƙa da halayen abu da kansa da zafinsa." Saboda haka, dalilin wanzuwar hasken zafi shine fitar da atoms bazuwar.
A cikin fitar da hayaki mai ƙarfi, electrons masu ƙarfin kuzari suna canzawa zuwa matakin ƙarancin kuzari a ƙarƙashin "ƙarfafawa" ko "induction" na "photons masu dacewa da yanayin" kuma suna haskaka photon mai mita ɗaya da photon da ya faru. Babban fasalin radiation mai ƙarfi shine cewa photons da radiation mai ƙarfi ke samarwa suna da yanayi iri ɗaya da photons da suka faru waɗanda ke haifar da radiation mai ƙarfi. Suna cikin yanayi "masu daidaituwa". Suna da mita iri ɗaya da alkibla iri ɗaya, kuma ba zai yiwu a bambance bambance-bambancen biyu ba tsakanin waɗannan. Ta wannan hanyar, photon ɗaya yana zama photons guda biyu iri ɗaya ta hanyar fitar da hayaki mai ƙarfi ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa hasken yana ƙaruwa, ko "ƙarfafa".
Yanzu bari mu sake yin nazari, waɗanne yanayi ake buƙata domin samun ƙarin hasken rana mai motsawa akai-akai?
A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, adadin electrons a cikin matakan makamashi mai yawa koyaushe yana ƙasa da adadin electrons a cikin matakan makamashi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Idan kuna son atoms su samar da radiation mai ƙarfafawa, kuna son ƙara yawan electrons a cikin matakan makamashi mai yawa, don haka kuna buƙatar "tushen famfo", wanda manufarsa ita ce ya ƙara yawan electrons masu ƙarancin kuzari da yawa suna tsalle zuwa matakan makamashi mai yawa, don haka adadin electrons masu matsakaicin ƙarfi zai fi adadin electrons masu ƙarancin kuzari, kuma "juyawar adadin barbashi" zai faru. Yawancin electrons masu matsakaicin ƙarfi za su iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci kawai. Lokaci zai yi tsalle zuwa ƙaramin matakin makamashi, don haka yuwuwar fitar da radiation mai ƙarfafawa zai ƙaru.
Ba shakka, an saita "tushen famfo" don ƙwayoyin zarra daban-daban. Yana sa electrons su "yi resonance" kuma suna ba da damar ƙarin electrons masu ƙarancin kuzari su tashi zuwa matakan kuzari mai yawa. Masu karatu za su iya fahimta, menene laser? Ta yaya ake samar da laser? Laser shine "hasken haske" wanda ke "farfaɗowa" da ƙwayoyin zarra na abu a ƙarƙashin aikin wani takamaiman "tushen famfo". Wannan shine laser.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-27-2024
