Me yasa muke buƙatar sanin ka'idar laser?
Sanin bambance-bambance tsakanin na kowa semiconductor Laser, zaruruwa, fayafai, daYAG LaserHakanan zai iya taimakawa wajen samun kyakkyawar fahimta da shiga ƙarin tattaunawa yayin tsarin zaɓin.
Labarin ya fi mayar da hankali kan mashahurin kimiyya: taƙaitaccen gabatarwa ga ka'idar tsara laser, babban tsarin laser, da nau'ikan laser na yau da kullun.
Da fari dai, ka'idar samar da laser
Ana haifar da Laser ta hanyar hulɗar tsakanin haske da kwayoyin halitta, wanda aka sani da haɓakaccen haɓakar radiation; Fahimtar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar radiation yana buƙatar fahimtar ra'ayoyin Einstein na fitar da hayaki ba tare da bata lokaci ba, ƙara kuzari, da ƙara kuzari, da kuma wasu mahimman tushe na ƙa'idar.
Tushen Ka'idar 1: Bohr Model
Samfurin Bohr yafi samar da tsarin ciki na atom, yana mai sauƙin fahimtar yadda laser ke faruwa. Atom ya ƙunshi tsakiya da electrons a waje da tsakiya, kuma orbitals na electrons ba sabani ba ne. Electrons kawai suna da wasu orbitals ne kawai, daga cikinsu ana kiran mafi kusa da kewayen yanayin ƙasa; Idan lantarki yana cikin yanayin ƙasa, ƙarfinsa shine mafi ƙanƙanci. Idan electron ya yi tsalle daga cikin kewayawa, ana kiransa yanayi mai farin ciki na farko, kuma makamashin yanayin farin ciki na farko zai kasance mafi girma fiye da yanayin ƙasa; Wata kewayawa ita ake kira jiha ta biyu mai zumudi;
Dalilin da ya sa Laser zai iya faruwa shine saboda electrons za su motsa a wurare daban-daban a cikin wannan samfurin. Idan electrons sun sha makamashi, za su iya gudu daga yanayin ƙasa zuwa yanayin jin dadi; Idan na'urar lantarki ta dawo daga yanayin jin dadi zuwa kasa, zai saki makamashi, wanda sau da yawa ake saki a cikin hanyar laser.
Tushen Ka'idar 2: Ka'idar Radiation Mai Ƙarfafa Einstein
A shekara ta 1917, Einstein ya ba da shawarar ka'idar radiation mai kuzari, wanda shine tushen ka'idar lasers da samar da laser: sha ko watsi da kwayoyin halitta shine ainihin sakamakon hulɗar da ke tsakanin filin radiation da barbashi da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta, da ainihinsa. jigon shine jujjuyawar barbashi tsakanin matakan makamashi daban-daban. Akwai matakai daban-daban guda uku a cikin hulɗar tsakanin haske da kwayoyin halitta: fitar da hayaki na kwatsam, fitar da kuzari, da ƙara kuzari. Don tsarin da ke ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na barbashi, waɗannan matakai guda uku koyaushe suna rayuwa tare kuma suna da alaƙa.
Fitowar nan take:
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi: na'urar lantarki akan matakin makamashi mai ƙarfi E2 ba da jimawa ba yana canzawa zuwa matakin ƙarancin makamashi E1 kuma yana fitar da photon tare da makamashi na hv, da hv=E2-E1; Wannan tsari na canji na bazata da mara alaƙa ana kiransa sauyi na kai tsaye, kuma raƙuman hasken da ke fitowa ta hanyar jujjuyawar lokaci ana kiransa raɗaɗin kai tsaye.
Siffofin fitar da hayaki nan da nan: Kowane photon mai zaman kansa ne, tare da kwatance da matakai daban-daban, kuma lokacin abin da ya faru shima bazuwar bane. Yana da haske mara daidaituwa kuma mai rikicewa, wanda ba shine hasken da laser ke buƙata ba. Sabili da haka, tsarin samar da laser yana buƙatar rage irin wannan nau'in hasken da ya ɓace. Wannan kuma yana daya daga cikin dalilan da ke sanya tsawon na'urar lesar kalamai daban-daban ke da karkatacciyar haske. Idan an sarrafa shi da kyau, za a iya yin watsi da rabon fitar da hayaki nan da nan a cikin Laser. Mafi tsarkin Laser, kamar 1060nm, duk 1060 nm ne, Wannan nau'in Laser yana da ƙarancin sha da ƙarfi.
Ƙarfafa sha'awa:
Electrons a ƙananan matakan makamashi (ƙananan orbitals), bayan sun sha photons, suna canzawa zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma (high orbitals), kuma wannan tsari shine ake kira motsa jiki. Ƙarfafa sha yana da mahimmanci kuma ɗaya daga cikin maɓalli na aikin famfo. Tushen famfo na Laser yana samar da makamashi na photon don haifar da barbashi a cikin matsakaicin riba don canzawa kuma jira ingantacciyar radiation a matakan makamashi mafi girma, yana fitar da laser.
Radiation mai kara kuzari:
Lokacin da hasken makamashi na waje ya haskaka (hv=E2-E1), electron a matakin makamashi mai girma yana jin dadin photon na waje kuma ya yi tsalle zuwa ƙananan makamashi (babban orbit yana gudana zuwa ƙananan orbit). A lokaci guda kuma yana fitar da photon wanda yayi daidai da na waje. Wannan tsari ba ya tsotse hasken tashin hankali na asali, don haka za a sami photon guda biyu iri ɗaya, waɗanda za a iya fahimta yayin da lantarki ya tofa photon da aka sha a baya, Wannan tsari na luminescence ana kiransa radiation radiation, wanda shine juzu'in tsarin shayarwa.
Bayan ka'idar ta bayyana, yana da sauƙi don gina laser, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi na sama: a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada na kwanciyar hankali na kayan aiki, yawancin electrons suna cikin yanayin ƙasa, electrons a cikin ƙasa, kuma laser ya dogara da shi. kara kuzari radiation. Saboda haka, tsarin na Laser shi ne ba da damar tsokani sha ya faru da farko, kawo electrons zuwa high makamashi matakin, sa'an nan samar da wani tashin hankali don sa wani babban adadin high makamashi matakin electrons sha wani kuzari kuzari, sakewa photons, Daga wannan. za a iya samar da laser. Na gaba, za mu gabatar da tsarin laser.
Tsarin Laser:
Daidaita tsarin Laser tare da yanayin ƙirar laser da aka ambata a baya ɗaya bayan ɗaya:
Yanayin faruwa da tsarin da ya dace:
1. Akwai matsakaicin riba wanda ke ba da tasirin haɓakawa azaman matsakaicin aiki na Laser, kuma abubuwan da aka kunna suna da tsarin matakin makamashi wanda ya dace da haifar da haɓakar radiation (yawanci yana iya yin famfo electrons zuwa manyan orbitals masu ƙarfi kuma suna wanzu na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. , sa'an nan kuma saki photons a cikin numfashi daya ta hanyar radiation mai motsawa);
2. Akwai wani waje excitation source (pump source) wanda zai iya fitar da electrons daga ƙananan matakin zuwa babba matakin, sa barbashi lamba inversion tsakanin babba da ƙananan matakan Laser (wato, lokacin da akwai mafi high-makamashi barbashi fiye da. ƙananan ƙwayoyin kuzari), irin su fitilar xenon a cikin lasers YAG;
3. Akwai resonant rami wanda zai iya cimma Laser oscillation, ƙara da aiki tsawon na Laser aiki kayan, allon haske kalaman yanayin, sarrafa yaduwa shugabanci na katako, selectively kara kuzari da radiation mita don inganta monochromaticity (tabbatar da cewa Ana fitar da laser a wani makamashi).
An nuna tsarin da ya dace a cikin wannan adadi na sama, wanda shine tsari mai sauƙi na laser YAG. Sauran sifofi na iya zama mafi rikitarwa, amma ainihin shine wannan. Ana nuna tsarin samar da laser a cikin adadi:
Rarraba Laser: gabaɗaya ana rarraba ta hanyar samun matsakaici ko ta hanyar makamashin Laser
Samun matsakaicin rarrabuwa:
Carbon dioxide Laser: The samu matsakaicin carbon dioxide Laser ne helium daCO2 Laser,tare da tsawon Laser na 10.6um, wanda shine ɗayan samfuran Laser na farko da za a ƙaddamar. Weld ɗin Laser na farko ya dogara ne akan laser carbon dioxide, wanda a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi don walda da yanke kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba (kaya, robobi, itace, da sauransu). Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da ita akan na'urorin lithography. Carbon dioxide Laser ba za a iya daukar kwayar cutar ta Tantancewar zaruruwa da kuma tafiya ta sarari Tantancewar hanyoyi, Tongkuai na farko da aka yi sosai da kyau, kuma da yawa yankan kayan aiki da aka yi amfani;
YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) Laser: YAG lu'ulu'u doped tare da neodymium (Nd) ko yttrium (Yb) karfe ions Ana amfani da matsayin Laser riba matsakaici, tare da watsi da raƙuman ruwa na 1.06um. Laser YAG na iya fitar da mafi girma bugun jini, amma matsakaicin ƙarfi yana da ƙasa, kuma mafi girman ƙarfin zai iya kaiwa sau 15 matsakaicin ƙarfin. Idan galibi Laser bugun bugun jini ne, ba za a iya samun ci gaba da fitarwa ba; Amma ana iya yada shi ta hanyar fibers na gani, kuma a lokaci guda, yawan ƙwayar ƙarfe na kayan ƙarfe yana ƙaruwa, kuma an fara amfani da shi a cikin manyan kayan aikin tunani, wanda aka fara amfani da shi a filin 3C;
Fiber Laser: Babban al'ada na yanzu a kasuwa yana amfani da ytterbium doped fiber a matsayin matsakaicin riba, tare da tsawon 1060nm. An kara rarraba shi zuwa fiber da laser laser dangane da siffar matsakaici; Fiber optic yana wakiltar IPG, yayin da diski yana wakiltar Tongkuai.
Laser Semiconductor: Matsakaicin riba shine mahaɗin PN na semiconductor, kuma tsayin laser semiconductor ya fi girma a 976nm. A halin yanzu, semiconductor kusa-infrared Laser ana amfani da yafi amfani da cladding, tare da haske spots sama 600um. Laserline ne wakilin sana'a na semiconductor Laser.
Rarraba ta hanyar aikin makamashi: Pulse Laser (PULSE), Laser ci gaba (QCW), Laser ci gaba (CW)
Pulse Laser: nanosecond, picosecond, femtosecond, wannan high-mita bugun jini Laser (ns, bugun jini nisa) iya sau da yawa cimma high ganiya makamashi, high mita (MHZ) aiki, amfani da sarrafa bakin ciki jan karfe da aluminum dissimilar kayan, kazalika da tsaftacewa mafi yawa . Ta yin amfani da ƙarfin kololuwa, zai iya narkar da kayan tushe da sauri, tare da ƙarancin lokacin aiki da ƙaramin yankin da zafi ya shafa. Yana da abũbuwan amfãni a cikin sarrafa matsananci-bakin ciki kayan (a kasa 0.5mm);
Quasi ci gaba da Laser (QCW): Saboda babban maimaituwa kudi da ƙaramin aiki sake zagayowar (kasa da 50%), bugun bugun jini nisa naQCW Laserya kai 50 us-50 ms, cike da rata tsakanin kilowatt matakin ci gaba da fiber Laser da Q-switched bugun jini Laser; Ƙarfin ƙyalli na Laser fiber na quasi mai ci gaba zai iya kaiwa sau 10 matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarƙashin ci gaba da aiki na yanayin. Laser QCW gabaɗaya suna da halaye guda biyu, ɗayan yana ci gaba da walƙiya a ƙaramin ƙarfi, ɗayan kuma yana ƙwanƙwasa waldawar laser tare da ƙarfin kololuwa na sau 10 matsakaicin iko, wanda zai iya cimma kayan kauri da ƙarin walƙiya mai zafi, yayin da yake sarrafa zafi a cikin ƙananan iyaka;
Ci gaba da Laser (CW): Wannan shi ne aka fi amfani da shi, kuma mafi yawan Laser da ake gani a kasuwa sune CW Laser da ke ci gaba da fitar da Laser don sarrafa walda. Fiber Laser an raba zuwa guda-yanayin da Multi-yanayin Laser bisa ga daban-daban core diamita da katako halaye, kuma za a iya saba da daban-daban aikace-aikace yanayin.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-20-2023
