1.1 Bayanin Bincike
Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha cikin sauri,iyawa ta hankalici gaba da ingantawa, wanda hakan ya sa masana'antu masu wayo suka zama wani yanayi da ya fi shahara a ci gaban masana'antu. Misali, bayanai da Ma'aikatar Masana'antar Bayanai ta China ta fitar sun nuna cewa masana'antu masu wayo na cikin gida sun sami ci gaba mai ban mamaki na kashi 11.6% a shekarar 2023 - shaida ga ci gaba da kokarin da kasar ke yi da kuma sabbin fasahohi a wannan fanni. Bugu da ƙari, adadin sabbin abubuwa a tsakanin kamfanonin masana'antu masu wayo ya karu sosai, wanda ya shafi fannoni kamar kera kayan aiki masu inganci, kayan aiki na zamani, da fasahar muhalli, wanda ke nuna kuzarin masana'antar da kuma babban sauyi. Wannan yanayin ba wai kawai ya kawo sauyi ga hanyoyin samar da masana'antu na gargajiya ba, har ma ya hanzarta haɓaka masana'antu, yana haɓaka inganci da inganci. A mafi yawan lokuta, layukan samarwa masu sarrafa kansu da robots na masana'antu suna maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam.
Tare da ci gaban dazamanin masana'antu mai wayo, fasahar zamani mai sarrafa kansa da fasaha ta robots na masana'antu sun yi daidai da buƙatun masana'antar kera kayayyaki na babban daidaito, sauƙin aiki, da sassauci a cikin hanyoyin samarwa. Wannan ya ɗaukaka mahimmancin su a masana'antu, yana mai da su wani muhimmin ƙarfi da ke haifar da sauye-sauye da haɓakawa a masana'antu. Robots masu haɗin gwiwa - na'urorin masana'antu waɗanda ke iya cimma haɗin gwiwar injin-zuwa-na'ura da ɗan adam-robot - sun fito a matsayin babban abin da aka mayar da hankali a cikin binciken robotics saboda halayensu na kai tsaye da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa, suna sanya su don taka rawa mai mahimmanci a cikin robotics na masana'antu na gaba. A cikin fasahar robot na haɗin gwiwa, ma'aunin aikin injin servo - gami da saurin amsawar karfin juyi, daidaiton karfin juyi, daidaiton matsayi, amfani da wutar lantarki, da kwanciyar hankali na zafin jiki - suna ƙayyade ingancin motsi na robot kai tsaye, kwanciyar hankali, da daidaito. A matsayin tushen ƙarfin robots, aikin tsarin servo yana da tasiri sosai kan daidaiton motsi da aminci. Abin lura, injinan servo na haɗin gwiwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma daidaiton matsayi. Kyakkyawan injin servo na haɗin gwiwa yana tabbatar da daidaiton matsayi da motsi mai karko yayin ayyuka masu rikitarwa, ta haka yana haɓaka ingancin aiki da rage kurakurai.
"Shirin Shekaru Biyar na 14 don Ci Gaban Masana'antar Robot" ya jaddada ci gaba da bincike kan haɗin gwiwar robot masu hankali, tare da irin waɗannan haɗin gwiwar sun dace musamman ga robot masu haɗin gwiwa. Tsarin ƙirar su mai haɗaka ya haɗa da masu kunna wutar lantarki, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da direbobi kai tsaye zuwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, yana mai da kowace haɗin gwiwa zuwa sashin sarrafawa mai zaman kansa. Ta hanyar inganta tsarin ciki da tsari, tsarin sarrafawa da aka rarraba yana rage yawan kebul tsakanin matakan tsarin daban-daban, don haka rage farashin kulawa da haɓaka aminci gabaɗaya. Tsarin zamani kuma yana sauƙaƙa sauƙin maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa da kulawa, wanda ke ƙara yawan gasa a kasuwa na robot masu haɗin gwiwa.
Themanufar robots na haɗin gwiwaAn fara gabatar da shi a shekarar 1996, tare da falsafar ƙira ta kawo sauyi ga fasahar robot ta gargajiya ta hanyar ba da damar yin aiki mai kyau tsakanin robot da mutane a kan layin samarwa. Wannan hanyar haɗin gwiwa ba wai kawai tana amfani da inganci da daidaiton robot ba, har ma tana haɗa hankalin ɗan adam da sassauci, tana haɓaka ingancin aiki da saurin aiki. Idan aka kwatanta da robot na masana'antu na gargajiya, robot na haɗin gwiwa suna nuna halaye daban-daban, suna kafa kansu a matsayin wani muhimmin rukuni a cikin filin robot. Tsarin jikinsu da tsarin sarrafawa sun sami sauye-sauye masu yawa. Robot na masana'antu na gargajiya - kamar tsarin hannun robot da aka nuna a Hoto na 1 - ana amfani da su musamman wajen yin palletizing, sarrafa kayan aiki, walda, da aikace-aikacen yanke laser. Duk da cewa waɗannan robot suna da ƙarfi sosai, kwanciyar hankali na tsari, da ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya mai ƙarfi, suna kuma gabatar da iyakoki: girman da nauyi mai yawa, ƙarfin motsi mai yawa, ƙira mai girma tare da ƙarancin sassauci, da rashin iya yin ayyukan haɗa abubuwa masu sauri. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin inertial ɗinsu da motsi mai sauri suna haifar da haɗarin aminci mai yawa ga ma'aikata a cikin radius ɗin aikinsu, wanda ke buƙatar aiki a cikin wuraren da aka rufe.
Hoto na 1 Hannun robot na gargajiya na masana'antu da robot na haɗin gwiwa
Robots masu haɗin gwiwa suna ba da damar yin aiki tare da mutane a wurare daban-daban kuma suna sauƙaƙe hulɗar nesa a cikin yankunan haɗin gwiwa. Idan aka kwatanta da hannun robot na gargajiya, robots masu haɗin gwiwa yawanci suna ɗaukar nauyin kilogiram 20 a ƙarshen aikinsu, tare da kewayon aiki wanda ya yi daidai da na hannun ɗan adam. Tsarin su ya fi sauƙi fiye da na hannun robot na masana'antu na gargajiya wanda ke da hanyoyin watsawa masu rikitarwa, yayin da suke ba da amsawar ƙarfi mai sauƙi, sassauci mai sauƙi, da ƙarfin fahimta mai ƙarfi. Waɗannan fasalulluka suna ba su damar daidaita ƙarfi ta atomatik yayin hulɗar ɗan adam, ta yadda za su hana ɓarna mai ƙarfi. Saboda haka, robots masu haɗin gwiwa za su iya yin aiki lafiya tare da mutane don kammala ayyuka ba tare da buƙatar shingen tsaro na gargajiya ba.
Robot masu haɗin gwiwa suna shiga cikin ayyukan hulɗa kai tsaye tsakanin ɗan adam da mutum; saboda haka, aminci muhimmin abu ne a cikin haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam da robot. Yana da mahimmanci a sarrafa ƙarfin aiki da ƙarfin juyawa yayin amfani da matakan fasaha kamar ikon sarrafawa na yanzu, ikon sarrafa karfin juyi, na'urori masu auna hulɗa, da gano karo don hana raunin ma'aikata. Tsarin sarrafa tuƙi mai wayo na robots kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin haɓakawa don sarrafa aminci, yana ba da damar sarrafawa mai santsi ta hanyar lissafin kuzari da ƙirar da aka dogara da mai lura.
A wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Robotics (IFR) ta nuna cewa ci gaban robot a nan gaba zai fi nuna yanayin sauƙi, sauƙin amfani, sassauci, da haɗin gwiwa mai aminci. Robots na masana'antu za su ci gaba da samun manyan matakan sarrafa kansa da hankali; ƙirarsu mai sauƙin amfani za ta rage shingayen aiki, wanda zai ba da damar ƙarin kamfanoni su yi amfani da fasahar robot don haɓaka ingancin samarwa. A halin yanzu, ƙira masu sassauci da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa mai aminci za su ba robot damar daidaitawa da yanayin samarwa daban-daban da rikitarwa, yana sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam da robot da kuma ci gaba da haɓaka haɓaka samar da masana'antu cikin hikima da inganci.
Hoto na 2: Wurin aiki na robot ɗin haɗin gwiwa
1.2 Muhimmancin Bincike
A kasuwar robotics na haɗin gwiwa a yanzu, robots masu digiri bakwai na 'yanci ana fifita su saboda yawan aikinsu da sassaucin da suke yi. Waɗannan robots suna ba da digiri na 'yanci mai yawa, suna ba da ƙarin damar yin aiki ta atomatik a masana'antu da masana'antu masu wayo. Kowane mataki na 'yanci ana samunsa ta hanyar haɗin robotic, wanda ke aiki a matsayin muhimmin abu wajen tantance aikin robotic. Manyan masana'antun guda huɗu—FANUC, ABB, Yaskawa, da KUKA—kowannensu yana amfani da tsarin watsawa daban-daban a cikin hannayen robotic na masana'antu na gargajiya; duk da haka, suna amfani da injinan servo waɗanda aka haɗa su da gears na bevel, gears na spur, ko bel ɗin synchronous don aika wutar lantarki zuwa ga gidajen haɗin don juyawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin watsawa suna iyakance girman gidajen haɗin robotic. Duk da cewa cimma daidaito mai girma yana yiwuwa, ƙaramin aiki yana da ƙalubale. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3, robots na masana'antu na gargajiya suna buƙatar kabad na sarrafawa na waje waɗanda ke ɗauke da injinan servo, tare da wayoyi da yawa da ke haɗa kowane mota zuwa kabad, don haka suna iyakance jigilar tsarin sarrafawa mai sassauƙa.
Hoto na 3 Robot na gargajiya na masana'antu da kabad na sarrafawa
Ganin cewa tsarin haɗin gwiwa na gargajiya na hannun robot na masana'antu ba zai iya cika buƙatun robot masu haɗin gwiwa ba, waɗannan haɗin gwiwar sun yi watsi da hanyoyin watsawa na gargajiya don fifita sabuwar falsafar ƙira. Wannan hanyar ta mayar da hankali kan cimma tsarin mai sauƙi, ƙarancin wutar lantarki, da kuma haɗakarwa sosai ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafawa, direban servo, da injin a cikin haɗin gwiwa kanta, tare da haɗin lantarki na ƙasa da aka aiwatar a ciki. Ƙananan adadin hanyoyin sarrafawa ne kawai ake fallasa su a waje, yana sauƙaƙa wayoyi na waje da rage sarkakiyar injiniya. Irin wannan ƙira ana kiranta haɗin gwiwa mai haɗin gwiwa.
Ganin buƙatun ci gaba da ake da su a yanzu a cikin haɗin gwiwar robot na haɗin gwiwa, ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar robot na haɗin gwiwa mai sauƙi, ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki, mai haɗaka sosai, kuma mai aiki mai girma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Irin wannan haɗin gwiwa mai haɗaka ya haɗa da dukkan muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don motsi na haɗin gwiwa - gami da masu kunna wutar lantarki, masu sarrafawa, direbobi, da na'urori masu auna sigina - kuma yana iya aiki da kansa azaman module mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da babban mai sarrafawa ko wasu kayayyaki ta hanyar bas ɗin wutar lantarki da sarrafawa mai sauƙi, wannan ƙirar haɗin gwiwa mai haɗin kai amma mai ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa yana haɓaka girman robot na haɗin gwiwa sosai. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan haɗin gwiwa mai haɗaka da haɗa shi da hannun robot da suka dace da girman da masu tasiri, robot na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda aka tsara don buƙatu daban-daban ana iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi.
Hoto na 4 Zane-zanen tsarin haɗin gwiwa na modular
Bincike kan haɗin gwiwa da aka haɗa don robots masu haɗin gwiwa da tsarin sarrafa servo ɗinsu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ci gaban robots masu haɗin gwiwa. Manyan fasahohin waɗannan haɗin gwiwa sun ƙunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu: masu rage harmonic da tsarin sarrafa motar haɗin gwiwa tare da algorithms ɗin sarrafawa masu dacewa. Zhixin Drive Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd. ya mayar da hankali kan bincikensa kan tsarin sarrafa motar haɗin gwiwa don robots masu haɗin gwiwa, yana gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan hanyoyin sarrafa motar haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin sarrafawa. Kamfanin yana haɓaka jerin samfuran injin haɗin gwiwa na robot masu hazaka waɗanda ke ba da damar iya sarrafa sassauƙa da aminci ga haɗin gwiwar robot masu haɗin gwiwa, yayin da yake haɗa mahimman fasaloli kamar fahimtar kai, yanke shawara mai wayo, aiwatarwa mai ƙwazo, da kuma sarrafa daidai - ta haka ne ake biyan buƙatun haɓaka kayan aiki masu wayo.
2 Matsayin Bincike na Yanzu a Cikin Gida da kuma a Ƙasashen Duniya
A shekarar 1956, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Amurka Joe Engelberger da mai ƙirƙira George Devol suka kafa wani kamfanin robot mai suna Unimation, wanda ya yi nasarar ƙera robot na farko na masana'antu a duniya—Unimate—a shekarar 1959.
Kamfanin General Motors ya fara amfani da robot wajen samar da masana'antu a cibiyarsa ta New Jersey a shekarar 1961. A shekarar 1969, Japan ta gabatar da robot daga Unimation, daga baya ta ba da lasisin fasaharta ga Kawasaki Heavy Industries da kuma kamfanin KUKAI Corporation da ke Birtaniya don ayyukan kera robot a Japan da Birtaniya, bi da bi. Tare da ci gaban masana'antar kera motoci ta Japan, adadin robot da ke karuwa ya maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam a samarwa, wanda hakan ya nuna muhimmancinsa. Saboda haka, Japan ta ƙara mai da hankali kan ci gaban robotics na masana'antu. Tun daga Kawasaki Heavy Industries a matsayin jagora a cikin karɓuwar fasahar robot, sannan kuma fitowar kamfanonin robotics masu shahara a duniya kamar FANUC da Yaskawa, Japan ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka ƙware a fasahar robotics ta zamani a duk duniya.
A shekarar 1973, kamfanin KUKA na ƙasar Jamus ya gyara robot ɗin Unimate don ƙirƙirar robot na farko mai digiri shida na 'yanci, Famulus, wanda injin lantarki ke amfani da shi. A shekarar 1974, ASEA (wanda ya riga ABB, wani kamfanin wutar lantarki na ƙasar Sweden, ya ƙirƙiro robot na farko mai cikakken wutar lantarki, IRB 6, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon microprocessor, wanda hakan ya ƙara haɓaka basirar robot. A shekarar 1978, Kamfanin Unimation da ke Amurka ya yi amfani da robot ɗin masana'antar PUMA a kan layukan haɗa kayan General Motors, wanda hakan ya ƙara nuna amfani da ƙimar robot na masana'antu da kuma nuna cikakken balagar fasahar robotics na masana'antu, ta haka ya kafa harsashi mai ƙarfi don ci gaban fasaha na gaba.
A cikin fiye da shekaru arba'in na ci gaban fasahar robot ta masana'antu, ci gaban fasaha ya ci gaba da kasancewa akai-akai. Duk da haka, saboda la'akari da tsaro, ana sanya robots a takamaiman wuraren aiki kuma ana keɓe su ta hanyar shinge, wanda ke hana su yin aiki tare da mutane a wuri ɗaya. Wannan tsari na gargajiya yana iyakance haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam da robot, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a cimma ayyukan haɗin gwiwa masu inganci. Duk da yunƙuri da bincike da yawa, cimma haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam da robot mai aminci ya kasance babban ƙalubale a fannin fasahar robot ta masana'antu.
Sai a shekarar 2005 ne wani babban aiki da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa ya gabatar da manufar robots na haɗin gwiwa. Shirin ya haɗu da manyan kamfanonin robot na masana'antu kamar ABB, KUKA, Reis, Comau, da Gudel don haɓaka robot mai araha, mai sauƙi, wanda aka tsara musamman ga ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni, da nufin rage dogaro ga samar da ayyukan yi ga ma'aikata. Wannan aikin ya nuna fa'idar haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam da robot, wanda ya kafa harsashi mai ƙarfi ga manufar robots na haɗin gwiwa.
Robobin haɗin gwiwa na farko galibi gyare-gyare ne da amfani da su na robot na masana'antu na gargajiya, ba tare da canza falsafar ƙira ko yanayin aiki ba. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 2005, Universal Robots ta himmatu wajen ƙirƙirar robot na haɗin gwiwa waɗanda za su iya aiki lafiya tare da ma'aikatan ɗan adam. A shekarar 2009, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da UR5—robobin haɗin gwiwa na farko a duniya—wanda ke nuna farkon wannan zamani. Daga baya, Rethink ya gabatar da Baxter mai hannu biyu da sabon robot Sawyer mai hannu ɗaya, a hankali ya kafa robot na haɗin gwiwa a matsayin horo da aka sani kuma aka yarda da shi a cikin robot na masana'antu. Wannan ci gaban ya samar da sabbin fahimta da alkibla don sarrafa kansa na masana'antu na gaba da ci gaba mai wayo.
Hoto na 5: Robot ɗin UR5 da Robot ɗin Sawyer Baxter
Kamfanin Siasun Robot, wanda ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Aiki ta Shenyang ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta China, ya fara nuna wani robot mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa wanda ke wakiltar matakin fasaha na ci gaba na China a bikin baje kolin Masana'antu a watan Nuwamba na 2015. Tun daga lokacin, samfuran robot masu haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida kamar Luoshi da Aobo sun sami karɓuwa a hankali.
Dangane da haɗin gwiwar robot, babban bambanci tsakanin haɗin gwiwar robot masu haɗin gwiwa da na robot na masana'antu masu nauyi na gargajiya yana cikin "sassaucinsu." Wannan sassauci yana bayyana ta hanyar ƙarancin taurin injiniya, rage rashin kuzari, da kuma ikon jin ƙarfin juyi. A halin yanzu, sassaucin haɗin gwiwa da ake amfani da shi a cikin hannun robot masu haɗin gwiwa galibi ya samo asali ne daga daidaitaccen sarrafa matsayi da sarrafa karfin juyi.
Hoto na 6 Tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi na haɗin gwiwa a cikin robots na haɗin gwiwa
Wani bayyani na binciken da aka gudanar a yanzu ya nuna cewa ci gaban fasahar robot ta China ya fara ne daga baya fiye da na ƙasashe kamar Amurka da Japan. Bincike kan robots masu haɗin gwiwa har yanzu yana da rauni sosai a bayan samfuran ƙasashen duniya da ake da su, tare da manyan matsaloli a cikin na'urorin rage ƙarfin jituwa da tsarin sarrafa motar haɗin gwiwa. Robots masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin gida a halin yanzu suna da babban sarari don inganta ƙwarewar sarrafa haɗin gwiwa, musamman dangane da daidaiton sarrafawa da ikon sarrafawa mai hankali. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin bincike na robotics na duniya ya nuna cewa aminci, sassauci, da hankali sune manyan halaye na ci gaban fasaha. Haɗin robot suna canzawa zuwa tsarin sarrafa tuƙi mai haɗaka da kuma babban hankali. Kodayake haɗin robot masu haɗin gwiwa sun canza daga tsarin sarrafawa na gargajiya zuwa tsarin sarrafa tuƙi mai rarrabawa, a halin yanzu suna aiwatar da ayyuka ne kawai na injin, rashin iyawa a fahimtar kai, yanke shawara mai hankali, da aiwatar da aiki mai kyau - wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin matakan hankali. Akwai yuwuwar faɗaɗa buƙatar tsarin robotics masu hankali.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-22-2026
