1. Ka'idar samar da laser
Tsarin atomic kamar ƙaramin tsarin hasken rana ne, tare da tsakiya na atomic a tsakiya. Electrons koyaushe suna jujjuyawa a kusa da tsakiya na atomic, kuma atomic nucleus shima yana jujjuyawa akai-akai.
Nucleus ya ƙunshi protons da neutrons. Protons ana cajin su daidai kuma ba a cajin neutrons. Adadin tabbataccen cajin da gaba dayan tsakiya ke ɗauka yayi daidai da adadin cajin da ba daidai ba ne da dukkan electrons ke ɗauka, don haka atom ɗin gabaɗaya suna tsaka tsaki ga duniyar waje.
Dangane da yawan adadin zarra, tsakiya ta tattara mafi yawan adadin zarra, kuma yawan da dukkan electrons ke mamaye shi kadan ne. A cikin tsarin atomic, tsakiya yana mamaye ƙaramin sarari kawai. Electrons suna juyawa a kusa da tsakiya, kuma electrons suna da sarari mafi girma don aiki.
Atoms suna da “makamashi na ciki”, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: ɗaya shine cewa electrons suna da saurin kewayawa da wani makamashin motsi; ɗayan kuma shine akwai tazara tsakanin electrons ɗin da ba su da kyau da kuma ƙwararrun tsakiya mai inganci, kuma akwai takamammen adadin kuzari. Jimillar makamashin motsa jiki da kuzarin da ake iya samu na dukkan electrons shine makamashin dukkanin zarra, wanda ake kira makamashin cikin gida na zarra.
Duk electrons suna juyawa a kusa da tsakiya; wani lokacin kusa da tsakiya, makamashin waɗannan electrons yana da ƙarami; wani lokacin nesa da tsakiya, makamashin waɗannan electrons ya fi girma; bisa ga yuwuwar faruwar lamarin, mutane suna raba Layer na lantarki zuwa daban-daban ” “Level Energy”; A wani “Mataki na Makamashi”, za a iya samun electrons da yawa da ke kewayawa akai-akai, kuma kowane electron ba shi da kafaffen kewayawa, amma waɗannan electrons duk suna da ƙarfin kuzari iri ɗaya; "Matsayin Makamashi" sun keɓanta da juna. Ee, an ware su bisa ga matakan makamashi. Ma’anar “matakin makamashi” ba wai kawai ya raba electrons zuwa matakai bisa ga makamashi ba, har ma yana rarraba sararin samaniyar electrons zuwa matakan da yawa. A takaice, zarra na iya samun matakan makamashi da yawa, kuma matakan makamashi daban-daban sun dace da kuzari daban-daban; wasu electrons suna kewayawa a “ƙananan makamashi” wasu kuma na’urorin lantarki suna kewayawa a “high energy level”.
A zamanin yau, litattafan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na makarantar sakandare sun yi alama karara a kan sifofin tsarin wasu kwayoyin halitta, da ka’idojin rarraba wutar lantarki a kowane fanni na lantarki, da adadin electrons a matakan makamashi daban-daban.
A cikin tsarin atomic, electrons suna motsawa a cikin yadudduka, tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta a matakan makamashi masu yawa wasu kuma a ƙananan matakan makamashi; saboda atoms ko da yaushe suna shafar yanayin waje (zazzabi, wutar lantarki, magnetism), matakan lantarki masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi ba su da tabbas kuma za su canza canjin zuwa matakin ƙaramin ƙarfi, tasirin sa na iya zama cikin nutsuwa, ko kuma yana iya haifar da tasirin tashin hankali na musamman kuma yana haifar da " fitar da gaggawa”. Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin atomic, lokacin da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki ya canza zuwa matakan ƙarancin kuzari, za a sami bayyanar abubuwa guda biyu: "Emision na gaggawa" da "ƙaddamarwa".
Radiation na lokaci-lokaci, electrons a cikin jihohin da ke da ƙarfi ba su da ƙarfi kuma, yanayin waje (zazzabi, wutar lantarki, magnetism) ya shafa), suna yin ƙaura ba tare da bata lokaci ba zuwa jihohin da ba su da ƙarfi, kuma makamashi mai yawa yana haskakawa ta hanyar photons. Siffar wannan nau'in radiation shine cewa canjin kowane lantarki yana gudana ne da kansa kuma yana da bazuwar. Jihohin photon na fitar da hayaki na electrons daban-daban sun bambanta. Fitar da hasken nan take yana cikin yanayin “marasa daidaituwa” kuma yana da tarwatsa kwatance. Duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani radiation yana da halaye na atoms da kansu, da kuma bakan na ba zato ba tsammani radiation na daban-daban atoms daban-daban. Da yake magana game da wannan, yana tunatar da mutane ainihin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, “Kowane abu yana da ikon haskaka zafi, kuma abu yana da ikon ci gaba da sha tare da fitar da igiyoyin lantarki. Raƙuman wutar lantarki da ke haskakawa ta hanyar zafi suna da takamaiman rarraba bakan. Wannan bakan Rarraba yana da alaƙa da kaddarorin abin da kansa da zafinsa.” Saboda haka, dalilin samuwar thermal radiation shine fitar da kwayoyin halitta ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
A cikin fitar da kuzari, matakin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na canzawa zuwa matakin ƙarancin kuzari a ƙarƙashin “ƙarfafawa” ko “induction” na “hotunan da suka dace da yanayin” kuma suna haskaka mitar photon iri ɗaya da photon da ya faru. Babban abin da ke tattare da kuzarin radiation shine cewa photons da ake samu ta hanyar motsa jiki suna da daidai yanayin yanayin photon da ya faru wanda ke haifar da hasken wuta. Suna cikin “haɗin kai” yanayi. Suna da mitar guda ɗaya da alkibla ɗaya, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a bambance su gaba ɗaya. bambance-bambance a tsakanin wadanda. Ta wannan hanyar, photon ɗaya ya zama photon guda biyu iri ɗaya ta hanyar fitar da hayaki ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa hasken yana ƙaruwa, ko "ƙarfafa".
Yanzu bari mu sake yin nazari, waɗanne yanayi ake buƙata don samun ƙarin ƙara yawan kuzari?
A ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada, adadin electrons a cikin matakan makamashi mai ƙarfi koyaushe yana ƙasa da adadin electrons a cikin ƙananan matakan makamashi. Idan ana son atoms su samar da radiation mai kuzari, kuna son ƙara yawan electrons a cikin matakan makamashi masu ƙarfi, don haka kuna buƙatar “tushen famfo”, wanda manufarsa ita ce ta ƙara yawan ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki masu tsalle zuwa matakan makamashi masu ƙarfi. , don haka adadin electrons matakin makamashi zai fi yawan adadin ƙananan makamashin lantarki, kuma "reversal number reversal" zai faru. Yawancin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki da yawa zasu iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Lokaci zai yi tsalle zuwa matakin ƙaramar makamashi, don haka yuwuwar haɓakar fitar da radiation zai karu.
Tabbas, an saita "tushen famfo" don nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Yana sa electrons su “tabbatuwa” kuma suna ba da damar ƙarin ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki don tsalle zuwa matakan makamashi masu ƙarfi. Masu karatu za su iya gane asali, menene Laser? Ta yaya ake samar da Laser? Laser shine "hasken haske" wanda "mai farin ciki" ta hanyar atom na abu a ƙarƙashin aikin takamaiman "tushen famfo". Wannan shine Laser.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-27-2024
